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Jews from Udmurtia and Tatarstan. Udmurt and Tatar Jews are special territorial ethnocultural groups of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residence areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. Also from 1807 in the industrial and administrative centers of the Sarapulsky Uezd the Germans began to reside (predominantly in Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Sarapul).〔Шепталин А.А., "Немцы". Энциклопедия "Удмуртская Республика". Ижевск: Издательство "Удмуртия", 2000. С. 513. ISBN 5-7659-0732-6 〕 Until this time the Germans in the region of formation of udmurt and tatar Jewry lived only to Kazan (from the XVIII century).〔Kazan ethnic communities 〕 The possibility of occurrence of Jewish communities in the region was made possible after the decree of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia on August 26, 1827 on the introduction of conscription for the Jews (see Cantonists).〔Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18-19. 〕〔("Казань". ) Электронная еврейская энциклопедия. = אתר האנציקלופדיה היהודית בשפה הרוסית 〕 The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.〔Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18. 〕〔(Карпенко И., "В окрестностях Хаимграда". ) Лехаим. 2009. №1 (201). 〕〔(Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи на Ижевском оружейном заводе". ) 〕〔Ренев Е.,"(Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. ) Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 47. 〕 On the territory of Tatarstan the Ashkenazim began to live in the same period of time.〔 == Geographic, ethnocultural and linguistic characteristics == Initially the Ashkenazi Jews lived in the vast majority in the workmen's settlement of Izhevsky Zavod (at present Izhevsk) 〔〔〔〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) 〕〔Ренев Е.,"(Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. ) Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 46-47. 〕 and the uezd city of Sarapul〔〔Пюрияйнен Д.М., ("Население уездного города Сарапула во второй половине XIX - начале XX в.: социокультурный аспект" ) : автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. ист. наук. Ижевск, 2009. С. 18. 〕 (both inhabited localities were at that time a part of the Sarapulsky Uezd of the Vyatka Governorate,〔("Памятная книжка и адресъ-календарь Вятской губернiи на 1916 годъ. " ) Вятка: Изданiе губернскаго статистическаго комитета, 1916. C. 78. 〕〔Гришкина М.В., "Сарапульский Уезд.". Энциклопедия "Удмуртская Республика". Ижевск: Издательство "Удмуртия", 2000. С. 623-624. ISBN 5-7659-0732-6 〕 are now the two largest cities in Udmurtia〔("Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года." ) Таблица 29. 〕), as well as in the city of Kazan〔 (at the time a town and the administrative center of the Kazan Governorate,〔Шaйдуллин Р.В.,("Казанская Губерния." ) Татарская энциклопедия. История РТ и общественной мысли. Институт Татарской энциклопедии Академии наук Татарстана. 〕 now the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan〔). Jews of these territories were Yiddish-speaking.〔 The local historian and linguist A.V. Altyntsev subdivided the Jews of the region on cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration.〔 According to A.V. Altyntsev, the udmurt Jewry (''dos udmurtishe yidntum'') had formed the local Idiom (see Идиом,〔:ru:Идиом 〕 Idiom (Spracheigentümlichkeit)〔:de:Idiom (Spracheigentümlichkeit) 〕) on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930-40-ies);〔 as a result up to the 1970-80-ies the Udmurt Idiom (''Udmurtish'') was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the Central subgroup (with centers – Izhevsk, Sarapul and Votkinsk) and the Southern subgroup (with centers – Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny).〔 One of the characteristic features of the Udmurt Idiom is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.〔Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., ("A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". ) Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.〕〔(Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." ) Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. 〕〔Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "The Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ( ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" ) The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) 〕 For example, ''ule'' "herd, flock, troop, drove" < udmurt ''ull'o'' "herd, flock, troop, drove, brood"; ''d'z'uče(r)'', ''džuče(r)'' "Russian (a person is appurtenant to the ethnic group)" < udmurt ''d'z'uč'' "Russian (a person is appurtenant to the ethnic group)"; ''kam'' "big river" < udmurt ''kam'' "big river"; ''šurχ'' "river" < udmurt ''šur'' "river"; ''botke'' "boiled rice, congee" < tatar ''botka'' "kasha, pap, porridge, gruel, stirabout",〔〔(Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". ) Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51-52.〕 ''(š)ulej'' "herd, flock, troop, drove" < udmurt ''ull'o'' "herd, flock, troop, drove, brood"; ''kiser'', ''kis'er'' "failure, misfortune, reverse, bad luck, ill-luck" < udmurt ''kis'ör'' "failure".;〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 132. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 132: Комментарии.) 〕 ''vös'ašndorf'' < Yiddish ''vös'ašn-'' "priestly, sacerdotal (the word was used only in relation to udmurt pagan priests)" < Udmurt ''vös'as "pagan priest in udmurt ethnic religion" + Yiddish ''dorf'' "village", the word וואָסיאַשןדאָרף ''vös'ašndorf'' () is a Jewish appellation of the udmurt village of Kuzebaevo in the Alnashsky District of Udmurtia 〔Altynzew A.W., Tuganaew W.W., ( "Die kurze Charakteristik des ökologischen Zustands des udmurtischen sakralen Orts Lud neben dem Dorf Kusebajewo im Rajon Alnaschi der Udmurtischen Republik ". ) Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler / Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 17. 〕〔Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., Tuganaev V.V. ("Brief ecological overview of south-udmurt sacral territory Lud near the village Kuzebaevo of Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". ) The modern rural economy: Actual issues of development. Edited by J. Johnson. Topeka, 2014. P. 39.〕 where southern udmurts (inhabitants of the village) are performed pagan oblations up to the present day.〔Шутова Н.И., ( "Дохристианские культовые памятники в удмуртской религиозной традиции: Опыт комплекстного исследования". ) Ижевск: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН, 2001. С. 49-58, С. 265-267 〕〔Altyntsev A.V., Tuganaev V.V., "A short description of ecological state of udmurt sacred place Lud near the village Kuzebaevo in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." Сельскохозяйственные науки и агропромышленный комплекс на рубеже веков: сборник материалов X Международной научно-практической конференции. Под общ. ред. С.С. Чернова. Новосибирск: Издательство ЦРНС, 2015. С. 8.〕〔Kosareva I.A., "On Lud and Kuala social-cult groups of the Udmurts. " Herald of Chelyabinsk State University. 2011. № 34 (249). P. 13-15. (Косарева И.А., ( "О социально-культовых группах Луда и Куалы у удмуртов ." ) Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2011. № 34 (249). С. 13-15.) 〕〔Kosareva I.A., "The spread of Bulda cult and the problem of discovering ethnographic subdivisions of Southern Udmurts ." Herald of Chelyabinsk State University. 2011. № 34 (249). P. 17-18. (Косарева И.А., ("Распространение культа Булды и проблема выявления этнографических подразделений южных удмуртов." ) Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2011. № 34 (249). С. 17-18.) 〕〔Овсянникова Е., "Кузёбай вӧсьёс." Инвожо. 2001. №12. 60-68-тӥ б. 〕 In connection with the Kazan "centralization" the Tatar Jewry on the main ethnocultural characteristics (language, food, holidays, religion, clothing, etc.) has been more or less holistic.〔 Also the Jewish community of Udmurtia and Tatarstan have had for the greater part cultural-ethnic rather than religious basis because among its members were representatives of different religious characteristics 〔〔〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 128, p. 130-131. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 128, С. 130-131: Комментарии.) 〕〔Алтынцев А.В., "Основные аспекты семейного воспитания традиционных духовных ценностей евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии." Созидающая природа человека: материалы Петраковск. чтений (Рос. науч.-теорет. конф.), 2-3 дек. 2011 г. Ижевск: Удмурт. ун-т, 2011. С. 10. 〕〔(Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." ) Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 2. 〕〔("Основные аспекты семейного воспитания традиционных духовных ценностей евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии." ) Literjewsudmurtia. The Literature about the Jews of Udmurtia. 〕 – a confessional affiliation (Judaism, Atheism, Lutheranism, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, Baptists, Adventism, Pentecostalism), a degree of religiosity and syncretic elements on the familial-ethnic level (for example some Jewish families celebrate Hanukkah and Christmas〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 130. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 130: Комментарии.) 〕). Currently, due to the assimilation processes the Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan were successfully integrated into the Russian-speaking space and is actively used the Russian language.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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